Mines can operate 24/7 if appropriate noise regulations are met. These are typically achieved through machine noise reduction strategies and sound attenuation. Open-cut mines are susceptible to increased noise levels due to the nature of their operations with heavy machinery often the primary source of increased noise on mine sites. Minetek Sound has developed sound attenuation solutions to ensure machinery is compliant with government regulators and set noise limits the mine must adhere to.

What are the implications of noise pollution on mine sites?

Mines are 24/7 operations, and anyone working or living near a mine site, without realising it can suffer from hearing and/or physiological damage. According to Safe Work Australia, mining was included in the top three industry sectors with compensation claims due to deafness. Within the mining industry, coal mining had the highest number and highest incidence rate, so the threat to hearing is very profound and in need of attention. Machine noise reduction strategies can help minimise health impacts on mine site workers.

Machinery noise regulations are set by governing bodies to ensure their operations do not disturb neighbours with excessive noise, particularly at night. Hunter Valley coal mine was fined $15,000 AUD for excessive noise at night by the NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA). They exceeded their set noise levels by 3dB, causing production to halt during evenings to avoid fines and further development restrictions. Machine noise reduction strategies can assist with managing workers’ safety, and environmental and community expectations.

What is a truck-mounted attenuator?

A truck-mounted attenuator is a device that is fitted to the exhaust of a machine in order to reduce machine noise levels. Truck-mounted attenuators are often used on open-cut mines where the increased noise levels can halt production or reduce mine operating hours.

Minetek’s sound attenuation packages provide clear benefits beyond sound reduction including prevention of overheating through engineered designs, ease of maintenance, less downtime, compliance with strict government regulators, reduction of fines, and improved community relations. Our engineered machine noise reduction solutions help to reduce noise by intelligently treating the noise sources in the most effective way, by treating noise from the source. Providing noise reduction solutions across mining fleets is expected to save operators considerable amounts of money in the process.

More than often, whilst treating the source of machinery noise, Minetek also lowers the risk of the vehicle overheating through increased airflow. Our maintenance plan allows operators to regularly maintain machines without having to remove the truck-mounted attenuator. Our turnkey sound attenuation solutions ensure the performance of the machine is not impacted by our sound reduction efforts. Minetek Sound provides clear maintenance guidelines, reducing the downtime of machinery and guaranteeing optimal machine performance.

Machine noise reduction strategies

Our solutions can help reduce machine noise on just about any large diesel machinery. Backed by our long history and proven track record of working with OEMs such as Hitachi, Liebherr, Komatsu, JCB and Caterpillar. Minetek’s machinery noise reduction packages include noise surveys and evaluation, safety advice for the operator, mine site inspections and site recommendations, in-cab testing and recommendations and Work Health and Safety noise recommendations.

The noise assessment process is extremely thorough, with the ability to accurately predict noise level reductions and guarantee accurate sound reduction levels in accordance with regulatory noise criteria. We have multiple case studies with a proven track record of hitting our noise reduction targets across all past projects.

Our rigorous testing involves checking the noise output when stationary and during in situ operating conditions. These include both uphill and downhill travel, whilst loaded and unloaded along with any applicable parameters as specified. To ensure 100% accuracy of our results, we provide our clients with a reputable independent noise report from a third party.

Noise control is often one of the less significant considerations when planning and implementing mining developments. While environmental regulations need to be met, noise does not pose an immediate risk to the life of miners or the community at large.

Mine sites often choose to reactively control noise pollution only once an incident has occurred, as either a breach of regulation or pressure from the local community emerge. However, noise is a generic hazard common to the entire industry and all mining operations. One in four mineworkers has hearing issues, with four out of five miners having a hearing impairment by the time they reach their mid-60s. Industrial Deafness compensation claims can be costly to the industry. Hearing loss, compensation payments, and public awareness are all on the rise.

Proactive sound attenuation is the best noise control solution, helping to mitigate issues and reap the immediate rewards of strategic noise dampening without economic loss of downtime or fines. Minetek can help sites assess all elements of sound suppression and embed sound as a key consideration in all safety and environmental initiatives.

What are the options for noise control?

There are three main types of engineering noise control in industrial workplaces. Each of these methods comes with factors that need to be addressed. These are:

1. Employer control
2. Controlling noise at the source
3. Controlling noise propagation

1. Employer Noise Control

This is achieved by workers wearing hearing protection.

Considerations

Employer PPE is the easiest sound control method but should be seen as an additional supplement on top of proper noise control. Hearing protection relies on individual workers to fit and wear protection and does not control site noise or vibrations that may cause environmental or community breaches.

2. Controlling Noise at the Source

This is achieved by the substitution of processes, work methods, materials, or equipment. Specification of quieter machines or minimising the number of machines running at a given time.

Maintaining equipment or well-designed machines with sound in mind can also mitigate noise. The reduction of mechanical shock between parts, friction or vibration can reduce the sound.

Considerations

While controlling noise at the source is a reasonable method for sound control, not all options are realistic. Running fewer machines or limiting production to certain times can seriously impede the site’s ROI, as seen at New Acland in NSW.

Additionally, choosing to change work methods, processes or equipment can be both timely, and costly, and often come with additional safety assessments and red tape.

Substituting machinery or machinery parts to reduce noise is the best option to control noise at the source. There are several complexities that need to be considered when doing this, and many offerings on the market, such as fan substitution, sacrifice machine performance, power and longevity in the name of noise suppression.

Minetek can assist in a full assessment of viable options to control noise at the source, that won’t reduce power, performance or profitability of the equipment or site.

3. Controlling Noise Propagation

This is achieved by blocking the sound waves from travelling, either using barriers, enclosures, reactive or dissipative mufflers, reverberation control or active noise control.

Considerations

Controlling noise propagation is another feasible option if performed correctly. Sound suppression idlers, engine attenuation, and acoustic engine enclosures are all options for great reduction however, just like controlling noise at the source, due care must be taken to not overheat, crowd, or block the engine. Many companies in the market fail to consider the longevity of equipment, choosing to sacrifice quality for immediate cost savings.

Incorrect or low-quality sound suppression can severely hamper a machine’s performance and life span. Replacing burnt-out mine equipment will ultimately wind up being far more costly than investing in a correct sound attenuation solution.

There’s also an environmental element to consider here as well. Maintaining mechanical and combustion efficiency will prevent equipment from chewing through petrol and driving down air quality on site.

Environmental and community awareness is increasing scrutiny of industry noise. Sound attenuation is not only important for employer safety, but poor noise control can raise expenditures due to machine replacement, fines, compensation payouts and strict limitations to production schedules.

We offer onsite sound assessing, consultation, custom engineering, installation, servicing, and guaranteed results. Make Minetek part of your sound attenuation strategy and set your site up for success.

Mining companies have an obligation to protect the environment and the communities in which they operate. One way of doing this is by monitoring noise levels from mining operations. Noise level monitoring helps identify and mitigate any potential noise impacts from mining activities. It is important for mining companies to understand how mine noise affects the surrounding community so that any adverse effects can be mitigated. Noise monitoring is not only important for employer safety, it can also raise expenditures due to machine replacement, fines, compensation payouts and strict limitations to production schedules. This article discusses what mine noise level monitoring is, and how it can benefit mining companies and communities.

What is mine noise level monitoring?

The management of noise from mining operations is a fundamental responsibility of mine operators. Noise level monitoring is one method used to assess the potential for hearing loss among workers and to determine whether noise mitigation measures are effective. Solutions such as sound attenuation can allow for extended operating hours, increased productivity and improved work environments.

There are a number of different approaches that can be taken to noise level monitoring, depending on the specific needs of the operation. In general, however, noise level monitors are placed at strategic locations around the mine in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the noise environment. Data from these monitors is then analysed to identify areas of high noise exposure and assess the effectiveness of noise mitigation measures.

Noise level monitoring is an important tool in ensuring the safety and health of workers at mine sites. By identifying areas of high noise exposure, operators can take steps to reduce noise levels and protect workers from potential hearing damage. Sound levels below 85 dBA are considered safe noise level exposure levels. If you are exposed to sound levels at 85 dBA or more for prolonged periods of time, it can cause permanent damage to your hearing. Operator noise exposure testing can help prevent potential hearing damage to machine operators by ensuring safe noise levels are met.

What are the benefits of noise level monitoring?

There are a number of potential benefits that noise level monitoring can bring to both mining companies and the communities in which they operate. For mining companies, noise level monitoring can help to identify areas where noise levels are becoming a problem. This information can then be used to implement mitigating measures, such as installing sound-proofing barriers or attenuating your mining machinery. Noise level monitoring can help mining companies assess the effectiveness of these measures over time.

For communities, noise level monitoring can provide valuable data on the level of noise pollution they are being exposed to. This information can be used to pressure mining companies to take action to reduce noise levels and meet noise level compliance. In addition, it can also be used to inform local residents about the need to take precautions against excessive noise exposure. Ultimately, noise level monitoring has the potential to bring significant benefits to both mining companies and the communities in which they operate.

Noise mitigation solutions

Minetek offers a wide range of services to optimise the noise output from your machine. We analyse and measure both sound power, or how much acoustic energy is produced by one source (elevator bell), as well as intensity measurements. This enables us to capture the sound intensity measurement of the source without noisy operating conditions impacting our sound testing data.

By pinpointing key noise sources, we are able to strategically focus on specific machine parts to help reduce overall noise levels through sound attenuation. Sound attenuation helps to mitigate noise issues and reap the immediate rewards of the reduced machine sound output without economic loss of downtime or fines. Minetek can help sites assess all elements of sound suppression and embed sound as a key consideration in all safety and environmental initiatives.

Minetek is committed to helping our clients reduce noise levels and create a more safe and comfortable work environment. We offer a variety of services to meet your needs, including onsite sound assessing, consultation, custom engineering, installation, and servicing. Our team has extensive experience working in the mining industry and is dedicated to providing guaranteed results.

Achieve Better Site Compliance With Noise Auditing Services For Mining

Noise auditing services for mining are vital for maintaining compliance and minimising the environmental impact of operations. This is where we come in. At Minetek, whether you’re looking for engine bay panels, mufflers or silencers, our sound solutions help operations manage noise outputs.

Compliance risk can increase when site sound data is unclear.

In various operations, total noise comes from a mix of mobile equipment, such as haul trucks and excavators, as well as fixed plants and generators.

Introducing new equipment also often means increased noise, while expansion pushes activities closer to inhabited areas. Communities living in the proximity of such mining and industrial operations may raise complaints, adding to the compliance risks.

At this point, regulators and stakeholders expect clear, evidence-based information that shows where the noise is coming from and whether the site meets required limits. Before applying noise control solutions for mining, this situation calls for accurate measurements. This should follow recognised standards and provide easily understood reports that can withstand regulatory noise monitoring review.

That said, quick fixes for these compliance risks can often fail because they do not address how the noise actually travels across the site. If mitigation efforts fail to properly identify the main noise sources and sound pathways, they may overlook the real issue.

Noise auditing services for mining help preserve operations.

A noise assessment can include comprehensive testing, thorough measurements and detailed reporting to assess compliance with both environmental and occupational noise regulations.

When it comes to large industrial sites in Australia, acoustic auditing covers several key areas. For one, boundary noise monitoring helps ensure the site does not disrupt nearby communities. Equipment noise assessments evaluate specific machinery for sound compliance. Lastly, operator exposure evaluations focus on the impact of noise on individuals who work day to day with loud equipment.

Whether you’re considering Caterpillar sound attenuation systems or solutions for other OEM systems, know that an industrial noise audit also aligns with recognised standards and frameworks, which typically relate to environmental and occupational exposures.

Mining noise management often involves compliance testing, and this can align with ISO standards and applicable state environmental guidelines. The chosen methodology must be transparent and repeatable, with clear documentation backing these efforts to help ensure results can withstand regulatory and stakeholder scrutiny.

Prevent complications with noise auditing services for mining.

A mining noise audit, supported by continuous monitoring systems, lets operators demonstrate that noise levels stay within approved limits. Establishing transparency through a mining acoustic assessment helps reduce potential noise complaints and eliminate costly disputes.

This approach helps you avoid legal challenges and maintain a social licence to operate, a critical factor for sites near communities.

Companies like yours can then manage their operational footprints, uphold community trust and work with compliance through noise attenuation/source attenuation. The goal of site noise auditing is to identify dominant noise sources and quantify their impact. Such insights support compliance reporting and guide targeted mitigation strategies.

Minetek supports compliance and auditing for mining sites and equipment.

Here, we understand how challenging generator and equipment noise can be for mining and industrial sites. Our sound testing services adhere to rigorous industry standards, such as AS1269.1 and ISO-9001, providing accurate measurements to assess noise levels.

When noise disrupts your assets, we step in to pinpoint the primary sound sources, whether it’s a full cabin, an active fleet or heavy-duty excavators at work. Our team proposes solutions after the engine noise auditing services for mining, all tailored to your site’s specific needs.

If you were considering options like a dual skin exhaust or other mechanisms like silencers, our structured approach provides clear data and practical recommendations, so you can make informed decisions and manage site noise with greater confidence.

Trust our expertise, as we’re pioneers in noise reduction for mining and heavy industries. Our team is prepared to assist in meeting compliance and community expectations. We partner closely with you to craft mitigation solutions that are feasible within your operational context.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Why are noise auditing services for mining and industrial sites critical?

A machinery noise audit is vital to safeguarding your social licence to operate. They also help reduce the risk of regulatory penalties. In sectors like coal, iron ore, lithium and power generation, regulatory frameworks impose strict environmental limits.

Here, we can help you put together an audit that provides evidence that your site is managing noise responsibly. Depending on your site requirements, it may also support internal risk management and CAPEX planning decisions.

How do noise assessment services support compliance at site boundaries?

Boundary monitoring determines whether noise emissions surpass the approved limits at sensitive receptors. For mining operations located near communities or environmental buffer zones, noise auditing at boundaries becomes crucial, as it enables targeted mitigation through solutions like belly panels, mufflers and more. This is compared to broad operational restrictions that may not be effective.

How often should operations have noise auditing services for mining?

The frequency of noise survey services is influenced by regulatory conditions, operational changes and community sensitivity. Operations that introduce new machinery, expand or push closer to their site boundaries should generally reassess their noise audit schedules. Routine audits can also contribute proactively to compliance management, helping you pinpoint issues before they escalate.

With us, your operations can secure structured noise-level monitoring to identify potential noise impacts from mining activities and reduce the chance of unexpected exceedances.

Transform your operations with our engineered solutions.

We’re experienced in noise testing and auditing, providing detailed assessments and actionable insights to spot sound issues. Our advanced services include sound intensity testing, fleet screening and operator exposure evaluation, tailored to meet the industry’s stringent standards.

Afterwards, we can recommend solutions that deliver tangible results, empowering your operations with cutting-edge technology and industry-best practices. On top of this, our global network offers you access to expert guidance no matter where you’re located.

Whether your site needs a construction noise barrier or another tailored application, make an enquiry today to learn more about our noise auditing services for mining.

What is the difference between sound and noise?

Sound is the outcome of vibrating air in the surroundings. Vibration moves through the air, creating different air pressure levels (high and low) by air compression and decompression. The varying pressure levels travel across the air known as sound waves, these are responsible for creating a sound.

Noise, on the other hand, is a type of sound. Usually, the sound levels are remarkably loud and intermittent. Take a scream as an example of noise, characterised by its unpleasantness and annoying nature.

There are two main types of noise: continuous and intermittent. Continuous noise is referred to as a constant sound, like the hum of a fan or the sound of traffic. Whereas intermittent noise is a sound that occurs sporadically, like a car horn or an explosion.

How do we measure sound?

Sound levels are measured in decibels (dB), one way to measure these levels is with a sound meter. This device has a microphone connected to an electronic circuit and display. It picks up the amount that air particles are being “pushed around,” which we perceive as sound. These pressures are then translated to electrical signals and displayed as the sound level in decibels (dB).

At Minetek we offer both sound power testing and sound intensity. Sound intensity testing provides operators with an in-depth understanding of machine noise behaviour. We analyse the flow of acoustic energy produced by a single source, such as a specific mining truck, excavator or machine. This enables us to capture the sound intensity measurement of the source without noisy operating conditions impacting our sound testing data.

What sound levels are considered safe?

Ensure that your employees’ hearing is not at risk with excessive sound levels at work. Sound levels below 85 dB are considered safe for workers to be exposed to this level of noise. If you are exposed to sound levels at 85 dB or more for prolonged periods of time, it can cause permanent damage to your hearing.

The louder the sound, the more quickly it can cause damage. For example, listening to a mining truck, loader or digger at 85 dB for 8 hours will cause permanent damage. In comparison, a mining machine operating at a 100 dB noise level can cause permanent damage in only 15 minutes.

Ensure that your employees’ hearing is not at risk with excessive sound levels at work. Sound levels below 85 dB are considered safe for workers to be exposed to this level of noise. If you are exposed to sound levels at 85 dB or more for prolonged periods of time, it can cause permanent damage to your hearing. The louder the sound, the more quickly it can cause damage. For example, listening to a mining truck, loader or digger at 85 dB for 8 hours will cause permanent damage. Whereas, a mining machine operating at a 100 dB noise level can cause permanent damage in only 15 minutes.

What are the health impacts of noise?

Noise can have a significant impact on our health, both physically and mentally. Excessive noise can induce severe cardiovascular symptoms of increased heart rate. It can also emphasise psychological effects such as anxiety, profound nervousness and lack of concentration. Some of the ways noise can affect humans include:

• • causing increased stress

• • increasing heart rate

• • sweating

• • difficulty sleeping

• • irritability

• • anxiety

• • hearing loss

The most common health problem caused by noise is hearing loss. Exposure to loud noise can damage the delicate cells in our ears, resulting in Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). NIHL can be gradual and painless, making it difficult to notice at first. Over time, it can lead to a permanent loss of hearing.

Industrial noise pollution control​

When it comes to industrial noise pollution control, Minetek has proven experience in the design & implementation of turn-key solutions which are proven to be effective in reducing noise in industrial settings. With over 150 years of combined project experience, our team has delivered over 2,800 solutions across more than 60 countries, enabling industrial operators to meet their noise control objectives.

Noise control allows for extended operating hours, increased productivity, significant reductions in lead times, and improved work environments. Minetek has the capabilities in acoustic design & engineering for health, defence, marine, emergency and mission-critical applications. With proven results in the power generation and standby power markets, our experience is unmatched. With full ISO:9001 accreditation and 150 years of project delivery experience, Minetek has the capability to meet any industrial sound or emission management objectives.

Speak to our team about your goals today and we will provide you with solutions that match your specific needs. Leave your details below to learn more.

Major Sources Of Noise On Mining Machinery & Equipment

One of the biggest challenges when it comes to diesel mining trucks and equipment is reducing the machines noise output. Prolonged exposure to high noise levels can lead to permanent and irreversible hearing damage, known as Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHS) [2]. Noise control strategies are determined by noise exposure levels are in place to protect workers hearing and reduce machinery downtime. Controls may include; PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) such as ear mufflers, exhaust silencers and mufflers, sound attenuation solutions, and enclosed cabins.

• Radiator
• Fans
• Hydraulic pump(s)
• Engine
• Exhaust

Radiators, engines, exhausts fans and hydraulic pumps on mining trucks and machinery emit both high and low-frequency sounds. The frequency of these sounds reflects the intensity and distance they travel. The standard measure of frequency is in Hertz (Hz), this calculates the number of times that a sound wave or vibration occurs or repeats itself in a specified time, typically 1 second cycles per second.

According to Australia’s Environmental Protection Authority, low-frequency noise ranges between 10 – 160 Hertz (Hz) and is typically background noise [1]. Low-frequency noises consist of fewer sound waves and typically travel a long distance. High-frequency noises are typically high-pitched, measuring above 2000 Hz with high sound intensity. Low-frequency sounds tend to impact local mining communities and compliance due to the long distances they travel. Whereas high-frequency sounds between 4000-6000Hz pose a risk to hearing within the noise source’s vicinity [2].

These components are typically located within engine compartment, however the precise component generating noise is difficult to determine. Through Minetek’s innovative acoustic visualisation technology, we are able determine the primary source of noise and the noise frequency.

How To Determine The Main Sources Of Noise

Minetek understands that excessive noise can be a complex problem for mine sites to solve. That is why we utilise innovative sound technology to accurately identify the primary source of noise on mining trucks, equipment, and machinery.

This technology creates a graphical acoustic representation of sound to detect and visualise airborne acoustic energy, creating high-contrast images that show areas of excessive noise. The acoustic visualiser backs up traditional sound microphone testing with a detailed and accurate analysis. This definitive analysis removes any assumptions, ensuring an accurate application of the appropriate sound solution.

Equipped with this data, Minetek can efficiently implement strategies to reduce sounds emitted from trucks or machinery. We enable mine sites to achieve the required operating objectives / sound levels, protecting both mining truck operators & nearby communities from excessive noise whilst meeting and maintaining compliance. In some circumstances, installing sound or acoustic barriers may be enough to address the issue. However, this method does not eliminate noise it just reduces sound levels. An in-depth approach may be necessary to effectively reduce noise levels such as attenuating equipment or changing operating procedures.

Improved accuracy, efficiency, and safety are some of the key benefits of utilising a sound visualiser during your mine site noise analysis, including. This innovative sound testing technology enables our team to quickly identify problem areas and develop customised solution that meets the specific needs of your operation. This results in reduced machinery downtime, employee protection from NIHS and environmental compliance whilst meeting noise limit restrictions. Noise limit breaches in NSW Australia are upwards of $15,000 per breach, depending on the limit of noise exceeded [5].

How To Treat Noise Sources On Mining Equipment

Noise propagation is one solution to reducing noise levels. This is achieved by blocking the sound waves from travelling, such as using acoustic barriers and enclosures surrounding the mining site to block noise. While this may have some limited benefits to local communities, it does not treat the source of noise and has minimal impact on overall sound levels. Depending on the elevation / topography of the mine site, a sound wave can simply bounce over the acoustic barrier. The most effective, successful, and accurate way to treat noise directly at the source.

There are four main ways to treat the noise source;

1. Blocking sound waves

2. Absorbing sound waves

3. Reactive frequency interactions to dampen noise

4. Isolating sound waves

Another solution to treating noise sources is though sound attenuation. Sound attenuation absorbs or interrupts the sound waves, diminishing the noise output and distance it travels. There are many benefits to having a sound attenuation strategy in place for your mining operation.

Excessive noise is not only a disturbance to the local community but can also put your mining operation at risk of regulatory action such as fines or denial of mine expansions. That is why it is important to have a sound attenuation strategy in place to keep meeting and maintaining compliance with minimal operational downtime.

Underground Ventilation Control Systems

Minetek’s High Output Axial Fan system has been designed completely with the underground mining industry in mind. The Mine Air Control (MAC) system is designed to provide the most efficient ventilation for miners working underground. Minetek’s patented Performance on Demand (POD) technology is an innovative approach to optimising performance and reducing power consumption costs for operators. POD enables operators to tailor pressure and power consumption without having to use VSD (Variable Speed Drive) control, providing a more responsive solution. This simplifies the process of controlling output while also increasing overall operational efficiency.

Minetek’s Noise Control Solution

When it comes to NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss) in the mining industry, prevention is critical to ensuring the health and safety of workers. The best protection comes from implementing a comprehensive noise control policy or program that addresses noise at the source and interrupts noise on its path [4]. This benefits the safety of employees whilst ensuring that regulatory noise levels are achieved without needing to shut down operations.

Minetek provides sound assessments, consulting, and customised engineering solutions tailored to meet the requirements of your mine site. Our comprehensive range of solutions are technically engineered to maintain or increase airflow, whilst achieving the desired regulatory noise requirements.

Minetek’s OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers) mining packages are engineered to reduce noise levels on mining trucks, excavators, dozers, drills, loaders, and other machinery. Our world-class acoustic engineers have partnered with leading original equipment manufacturers (OEM) to deliver incredible sound reduction levels, with over 1,200+ installations across more than 90+ different OEM models. Minetek’s Sound solutions keep your machinery moving quietly without compromising machine integrity or servicing and operating ability.

Reduce the impact sound has on production, enabling mining companies to achieve true operational excellence. Make Minetek part of your sound strategy by treating major noise sources on mining trucks & machinery. To learn more about our recent sound attenuation projects or case studies, please leave your contact information below. We look forward to helping you achieve a successful sound attenuation strategy.

References

1. Victoria Environmental Protection Authority – https://www.epa.vic.gov.au/for-community/environmental-information/noise/low-frequency-noise
2. Department of Health and Human Services – https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/2010-111.pdf
3. Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy – https://www.resources.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/240369/qld-guidance-note-22.pdf
4. Government of Western Australia: Department of Mines and Peteroleum – https://dmp.wa.gov.au/Documents/Safety/MSH_G_ManagementNoiseWAMiningOperations.pdf
5. New South Wales Environment Protection Authority – https://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/news/media-releases/2021/epamedia210428-night-noise-limit-breach-results-in-$15000-fine-for-hunter-valley-coal-mine